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CNC加工又叫數控加工,是指用數控的加工工具進行的加工。由于數控加工是編程后由電腦控制加工,因此,CNC加工具備加工質量穩定,加工精度高,重復精度高,可加工復雜型面,加工效率高等優點。下面毅鑫五金給大家說說CNC數控加工常用的補償方法有哪些,一起來了解下吧。
在數控加(jia)(jia)工含有三(san)種補償(chang):這三(san)種補償(chang)大部(bu)分能解(jie)決在加(jia)(jia)工中(zhong)因刀具形狀而引(yin)起(qi)的軌跡難題。以下(xia)是三(san)種補償(chang)在一(yi)般加(jia)(jia)工編程中(zhong)的運用。
一、刀具長度補償:
1、刀(dao)(dao)具長(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du)的(de)概念(nian)刀(dao)(dao)具長(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)很重要的(de)概念(nian)。大家對(dui)(dui)其(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)零(ling)件(jian)(jian)(jian)編(bian)程(cheng)時(shi),首先(xian)特定零(ling)件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)編(bian)程(cheng)中心,之(zhi)后才(cai)能創建工(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)編(bian)程(cheng)坐(zuo)標(biao)系(xi),而(er)此坐(zuo)標(biao)系(xi)只是(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)工(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)坐(zuo)標(biao)系(xi),零(ling)點(dian)(dian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般(ban)在工(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)上。長(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)只是(shi)和Z座標(biao)相關,它不(bu)(bu)像X、Y平面內的(de)編(bian)程(cheng)零(ling)點(dian)(dian),由(you)于刀(dao)(dao)具是(shi)由(you)主軸錐(zhui)孔(kong)定位且(qie)不(bu)(bu)改變,針對(dui)(dui)Z座標(biao)的(de)零(ling)點(dian)(dian)就(jiu)不(bu)(bu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)樣了(le)。每一(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)刀(dao)(dao)的(de)長(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du)都是(shi)不(bu)(bu)同的(de),比如(ru),我們(men)要鉆(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)深(shen)為(wei)50mm的(de)孔(kong),隨后攻牙(ya)深(shen)為(wei)45mm,分別用一(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)長(chang)(chang)(chang)為(wei)250mm的(de)鉆(zhan)(zhan)頭(tou)和一(yi)(yi)(yi)把(ba)(ba)(ba)長(chang)(chang)(chang)為(wei)350mm的(de)絲(si)(si)(si)錐(zhui)。先(xian)用鉆(zhan)(zhan)頭(tou)打孔(kong)深(shen)50mm,這(zhe)時(shi)機(ji)床早已(yi)設置工(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)零(ling)點(dian)(dian),當(dang)換上絲(si)(si)(si)錐(zhui)攻牙(ya)時(shi),假如(ru)兩把(ba)(ba)(ba)刀(dao)(dao)都從設置零(ling)點(dian)(dian)開始加工(gong),絲(si)(si)(si)錐(zhui)由(you)于比鉆(zhan)(zhan)頭(tou)長(chang)(chang)(chang)而(er)攻牙(ya)太長(chang)(chang)(chang),毀壞刀(dao)(dao)具和工(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)。這(zhe)時(shi)假如(ru)設置刀(dao)(dao)具補(bu)償(chang)(chang),把(ba)(ba)(ba)絲(si)(si)(si)錐(zhui)和鉆(zhan)(zhan)頭(tou)的(de)長(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du)開展補(bu)償(chang)(chang),這(zhe)時(shi)機(ji)床零(ling)點(dian)(dian)設置以(yi)后,即便絲(si)(si)(si)錐(zhui)和鉆(zhan)(zhan)頭(tou)長(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du)不(bu)(bu)同,因(yin)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)的(de)出(chu)現,在啟用絲(si)(si)(si)錐(zhui)工(gong)作時(shi),零(ling)點(dian)(dian)Z座標(biao)早已(yi)自動(dong)向Z+(或Z)補(bu)償(chang)(chang)了(le)絲(si)(si)(si)錐(zhui)的(de)長(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du),確保了(le)加工(gong)零(ling)點(dian)(dian)的(de)正(zheng)確。
2、刀(dao)具(ju)長度(du)補(bu)償(chang)工作應用刀(dao)具(ju)長度(du)補(bu)償(chang)是由(you)(you)實(shi)行含有(you)G43(G44)和H命(ming)令(ling)(ling)來完成的(de)(de),同時我們給出一(yi)個Z坐標值,那樣刀(dao)具(ju)在補(bu)償(chang)以后移(yi)到(dao)離工件表層(ceng)距離為Z的(de)(de)區域。另外(wai)一(yi)個命(ming)令(ling)(ling)G49是撤銷G43(G44)命(ming)令(ling)(ling)的(de)(de),其實(shi)大家無須使用這個命(ming)令(ling)(ling),由(you)(you)于每把刀(dao)具(ju)都有(you)各自(zi)的(de)(de)長度(du)補(bu)償(chang),當對刀(dao)時,運用G43(G44)H命(ming)令(ling)(ling)賦予自(zi)己的(de)(de)刀(dao)長補(bu)償(chang)而(er)自(zi)動取消前一(yi)把刀(dao)具(ju)的(de)(de)長度(du)補(bu)償(chang)。
3、刀具(ju)長度補償的兩種形式
1)用刀(dao)(dao)具的(de)具體長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)度做(zuo)為刀(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)補(bu)償(推薦使用這(zhe)種方(fang)式)。應(ying)用刀(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)做(zuo)為補(bu)償就是(shi)使用對刀(dao)(dao)儀測量刀(dao)(dao)具的(de)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)度,然后把這(zhe)個數值輸(shu)入到(dao)刀(dao)(dao)具長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)度補(bu)償存儲器中,做(zuo)為刀(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)補(bu)償。應(ying)用刀(dao)(dao)具長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)度做(zuo)為刀(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)(chang)(chang)補(bu)償的(de)理由(you)如下:
最先,應(ying)用(yong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)長(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du)做為刀(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)(chang)補(bu)償,能夠避免在不(bu)同工(gong)件(jian)(jian)加(jia)工(gong)中不(bu)斷修(xiu)改(gai)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)(chang)偏置(zhi)。那樣一(yi)(yi)(yi)把刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)用(yong)在不(bu)同工(gong)件(jian)(jian)上都無需(xu)修(xiu)改(gai)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)(chang)偏置(zhi)。在這種(zhong)情況(kuang)下,能夠按照一(yi)(yi)(yi)定的(de)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)編號規則(ze),給每一(yi)(yi)(yi)把刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)作檔案,用(yong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)小(xiao)標牌寫(xie)上每把刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)相關參數,包含(han)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)長(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du)、半徑等資料,實際上很多大(da)型的(de)機械加(jia)工(gong)型企(qi)業對(dui)數控加(jia)工(gong)設備的(de)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)管(guan)理(li)都采用(yong)這種(zhong)辦法。這對(dui)于一(yi)(yi)(yi)些專門配有(you)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)主(zhu)管(guan)部門的(de)公司(si)而言,就不(bu)需(xu)要和作業員零(ling)距離(li)地告訴刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)參數了,同時(shi)即便因(yin)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)庫(ku)容(rong)量原因(yin)把刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)拿下來等下次(ci)再次(ci)安上時(shi),僅需(xu)依據標牌上的(de)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)(chang)(chang)數值做為刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)長(chang)(chang)(chang)度(du)補(bu)償而不(bu)需(xu)再進行檢測(ce)。
其(qi)(qi)次,應用(yong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具長(chang)度(du)做為刀(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)補償,能(neng)讓(rang)機(ji)床(chuang)一(yi)邊開展加(jia)(jia)工(gong)運(yun)作,一(yi)邊在對刀(dao)(dao)(dao)儀中進行其(qi)(qi)他(ta)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具的(de)長(chang)度(du)測量,而不必畢竟在機(ji)床(chuang)中對刀(dao)(dao)(dao)而占用(yong)機(ji)床(chuang)運(yun)行時間,這可以(yi)充分運(yun)用(yong)加(jia)(jia)工(gong)中心(xin)效(xiao)率。那樣主軸移到編程Z坐標點時,便是主軸座(zuo)標加(jia)(jia)上(shang)(或減掉)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具長(chang)度(du)補償后(hou)的(de)Z座(zuo)標數值。
2)運(yun)(yun)用(yong)(yong)刀刃在Z方向(xiang)上(shang)與編(bian)(bian)程零(ling)點的(de)(de)距離值(有正負之(zhi)分)做為補償(chang)值。此方法適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于機床只有一(yi)個人(ren)操作沒有充足的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間來運(yun)(yun)用(yong)(yong)對刀儀測(ce)量(liang)刀具的(de)(de)長(chang)度時(shi)(shi)(shi)進行。這么做若用(yong)(yong)一(yi)把刀加工另外的(de)(de)工件(jian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)就要(yao)再次進行刀長(chang)補償(chang)的(de)(de)設置。應用(yong)(yong)此方法開展刀長(chang)補償(chang)時(shi)(shi)(shi),補償(chang)值便是主軸從機床Z座標零(ling)點移(yi)到工件(jian)編(bian)(bian)程零(ling)點時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)刀刃挪動間距,因此此補償(chang)值總是負數(shu)并且很大(da)。
二、刀具半徑補償:
1、刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)半(ban)徑(jing)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)的概念就像使(shi)用(yong)(yong)了刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)長(chang)度(du)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)在編(bian)程時大(da)部分不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)考慮刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)的長(chang)度(du)一(yi)(yi)樣,因為有了刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)半(ban)徑(jing)補(bu)(bu)償(chang),大(da)家在編(bian)程時可以不(bu)(bu)要考慮太多(duo)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)的直徑(jing)尺(chi)寸了。刀(dao)(dao)(dao)長(chang)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)對每一(yi)(yi)個(ge)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)都適(shi)用(yong)(yong),而刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)半(ban)徑(jing)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)則(ze)一(yi)(yi)般只用(yong)(yong)于銑刀(dao)(dao)(dao)類刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)。當銑刀(dao)(dao)(dao)加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)件的外或內輪廓時,就用(yong)(yong)得(de)著刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)半(ban)徑(jing)補(bu)(bu)償(chang),若用(yong)(yong)端面銑刀(dao)(dao)(dao)加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)件的端面時則(ze)僅需(xu)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)長(chang)度(du)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)。由于刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)半(ban)徑(jing)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)是一(yi)(yi)個(ge)比較難以理解和使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的一(yi)(yi)個(ge)命令,因此在編(bian)程中很多(duo)人不(bu)(bu)愿(yuan)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)它(ta)。但我們一(yi)(yi)旦理解和掌握了它(ta),用(yong)(yong)起來(lai)對我們的編(bian)程和加工(gong)(gong)將帶來(lai)一(yi)(yi)定的便捷。
當編(bian)(bian)程者準備編(bian)(bian)一個用銑(xian)刀(dao)加工一個工件的外(wai)型的程序時,首先依(yi)據工件的尺寸和刀(dao)具的半徑(jing)(jing)開展細致的測算坐標(biao)值(zhi)來明確(que)刀(dao)具中(zhong)心所(suo)(suo)走(zou)路經。這時所(suo)(suo)用的刀(dao)具半徑(jing)(jing)只是(shi)這把銑(xian)刀(dao)的半徑(jing)(jing)值(zhi),當辛(xin)(xin)辛(xin)(xin)苦苦編(bian)(bian)完程序后發覺這把銑(xian)刀(dao)不(bu)太適(shi)合得換(huan)用其(qi)他(ta)直徑(jing)(jing)刀(dao)具,編(bian)(bian)程員(yuan)就(jiu)要不(bu)辭辛(xin)(xin)勞地重(zhong)新(xin)計(ji)算刀(dao)具中(zhong)心所(suo)(suo)走(zou)路線的坐標(biao)值(zhi)。這對一個簡(jian)單的工件難(nan)題(ti)不(bu)太大(da),針對外(wai)形繁雜的模(mo)具而言(yan)重(zhong)新(xin)計(ji)算簡(jian)直是(shi)太困難(nan)了。
一個工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)的外型加(jia)工(gong)(gong)分粗(cu)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)和精加(jia)工(gong)(gong),那樣(yang)粗(cu)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)程序(xu)(xu)編之后也就是實現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)粗(cu)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)。由于(yu)經過粗(cu)加(jia)工(gong)(gong),工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)尺寸(cun)出現(xian)了(le)(le)(le)改(gai)變(bian),接(jie)下(xia)來還得測算精加(jia)工(gong)(gong)的刀(dao)具中心坐標值(zhi),工(gong)(gong)作量就更大了(le)(le)(le)。這時,假如用(yong)了(le)(le)(le)刀(dao)具半徑補(bu)(bu)償,這些麻煩都迎(ying)刃而(er)解了(le)(le)(le)。大家可以忽(hu)略刀(dao)具半徑,但(dan)根(gen)據(ju)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)規格開(kai)展編程,然后把刀(dao)具半徑做為半徑補(bu)(bu)償放到半徑補(bu)(bu)償存儲器(qi)里。臨時更換銑刀(dao)也罷(ba)、開(kai)展粗(cu)精加(jia)工(gong)(gong)也罷(ba),我們只需變(bian)更刀(dao)具半徑補(bu)(bu)償值(zhi),就能控制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)尺寸(cun)大小了(le)(le)(le),對程序(xu)(xu)基本不用(yong)作一點(dian)修改(gai)。
2、刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)半徑(jing)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)半徑(jing)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)的(de)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)由(you)命令G41、G42來執行的(de)。補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)有兩(liang)個方向,即(ji)沿刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)切削走刀(dao)(dao)方位(wei)垂直(zhi)方向的(de)左面和右邊開展補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang),符合(he)左右手定(ding)則(ze);G41是(shi)(shi)左補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang),符合(he)左手定(ding)則(ze);G42是(shi)(shi)右補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang),符合(he)右手定(ding)則(ze),如圖3所示。圖3刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)半徑(jing)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)的(de)左右手定(ding)則(ze)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)G41、G42開展半徑(jing)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)時,應(ying)特別注意使(shi)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)高效(xiao)的(de)刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)挪(nuo)動方向與座標(biao)。刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)半徑(jing)補(bu)(bu)償(chang)(chang)的(de)起(qi)刀(dao)(dao)位(wei)置很重要,假如使(shi)用(yong)(yong)不當刀(dao)(dao)具(ju)(ju)所加工的(de)路(lu)徑(jing)容易出錯
三、夾具偏置補償:
就像刀具(ju)長度(du)補(bu)償和(he)半徑(jing)補(bu)償一樣讓(rang)編程者(zhe)可以不用考慮刀具(ju)長短和(he)尺寸,夾(jia)具(ju)偏置(zhi)(zhi)能讓(rang)編程者(zhe)不顧及工件夾(jia)具(ju)位置(zhi)(zhi)而采用夾(jia)具(ju)偏置(zhi)(zhi)。
當(dang)一(yi)臺加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中心在(zai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi),工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)裝上一(yi)次能夠夾緊幾個(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian),編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)者不用(yong)(yong)考慮每(mei)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)座(zuo)標(biao)(biao)零(ling)(ling)點,而僅需依(yi)照(zhao)各(ge)自(zi)的(de)(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)零(ling)(ling)點開(kai)展(zhan)編(bian)(bian)程(cheng),然后(hou)使用(yong)(yong)夾具偏置(zhi)來(lai)挪動機床在(zai)每(mei)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)上的(de)(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)零(ling)(ling)點。夾具偏置(zhi)是采用(yong)(yong)夾具偏置(zhi)命(ming)令(ling)G54~G59來(lai)執行的(de)(de)(de)。也有一(yi)種方法(fa)就是使用(yong)(yong)G92命(ming)令(ling)設(she)(she)置(zhi)坐(zuo)標(biao)(biao)系(xi)。當(dang)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)完(wan)成(cheng)之后(hou),加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)下一(yi)個(ge)(ge)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)時(shi)進行G92來(lai)重新設(she)(she)定新的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)坐(zuo)標(biao)(biao)系(xi)。上面是在(zai)數控(kong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)三種補償,它給大家的(de)(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)程(cheng)和加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)帶來(lai)一(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)便捷,能極大地提高效(xiao)率(lv)。
以(yi)上就毅鑫五金(jin)給大家(jia)帶來的關于”CNC數控(kong)加工常用的補償方法(fa)“,希望可以(yi)幫到您!
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